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Research library

Guides and research notes.

Written for practice managers, clinicians buying for research programs, and lab staff. Chemistry, analytics, paperwork and the published literature. Nothing here is a usage guide.

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Macro view of a sealed glass vial holding a thin film of lyophilized peptide powder
Handling · COA
Why the Vial Looks Empty: Fill Weight, Cake Volume, and Label Accuracy
A 5 or 10 mg lyophilized peptide is only a few microliters of solid. Why the cake looks the way it does, how fill weight is weighed, and why the COA content line is the real measure.
October 21, 2026 · 10 min read
Close-up of empty polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes, the surface to which peptides adsorb
Handling · Lab Chemistry
Why Peptides Stick to Plastic, and How Labs Prevent Adsorption Loss
Peptides adsorb to tube walls through hydrophobic and electrostatic forces, and at research concentrations the loss can exceed 90%. What the comparisons of glass, plastic and low-binding tubes show.
October 21, 2026 · 10 min read
Small amber pump spray bottle beside a glass beaker of clear solution on a laboratory bench
Formats · Liquid Spray
Inside a Peptide Liquid Spray: Buffer, pH, Preservative, and Stability
What a peptide liquid spray contains as a formulation: buffer and pH, tonicity and osmolality, preservative and USP <51>, why the label states mass per bottle, and how shelf life is set.
October 21, 2026 · 11 min read
Sealed glass vial of white crystalline powder beside a small amber pump spray bottle on a laboratory bench
NAD+ · Formats
NAD+ in a Vial, a Strip, and a Spray: Stability and Documentation Compared
NAD+ hydrolyzes at its nicotinamide-ribosyl bond, so format sets shelf life. How the lyophilized vial, dissolving strip, and liquid spray differ in stability and on the certificate.
October 21, 2026 · 10 min read
Sealed glass bottle of sterile water beside a rack of clear polypropylene microtubes on a laboratory bench
Lab Supplies · Handling
Lab Supplies for Peptide Work: Water, Reconstitution Kits, and Low-Binding Consumables
The consumables around a peptide vial: USP water grades, bacteriostatic water, reconstitution solution and kits, low-binding tubes, filters, and glass, and why each shows up in results.
October 21, 2026 · 10 min read
Sealed clear vial of white crystalline powder beside an empty glass cuvette on a dark laboratory bench
Glutathione · Lab Chemistry
Glutathione: Tripeptide Chemistry, Oxidation, and the Research Literature
Glutathione is a gamma-linked tripeptide whose thiol oxidizes in solution. The GSH/GSSG redox pair, why solutions degrade, assay methods, reagent uses, and its US regulatory history.
October 21, 2026 · 10 min read
Sealed lyophilized peptide vial resting on an insulated shipping box
Handling · Shipping
Do Lyophilized Peptides Need Cold-Chain Shipping?
Why a sealed lyophilized vial tolerates days of ambient transit, how ICH Q1A(R2) tests thermal stability, which formats need a cold pack, and what to check and log on arrival.
October 21, 2026 · 11 min read
Close-up of a sealed clear glass vial with grey rubber stopper and aluminum crimp seal
Handling · Packaging
The Vial, the Stopper, and the Seal: How Peptide Packaging Protects the Powder
Type I borosilicate glass, butyl stoppers, aluminum crimps and a nitrogen headspace each have a USP chapter and a literature. What each does for a lyophilized peptide and what to inspect.
October 20, 2026 · 11 min read
Frosted microcentrifuge tubes in a freezer rack, representing single-use peptide solution aliquots
Handling · Stability
Aliquots, Freeze-Thaw Cycles, and Oxidation: Protecting a Peptide Solution
Why a dissolved peptide degrades with every freeze-thaw cycle, how single-use aliquots prevent it, and which residues oxidize when oxygen, light and metals reach a solution.
October 20, 2026 · 11 min read
Two lyophilized peptide vials with different cake textures beside glassware on a dark laboratory bench
Lab Chemistry · Quality Testing
TFA Salt vs Acetate Salt: Why the Counter-Ion on a Peptide Matters
Where trifluoroacetate comes from in peptide synthesis, why it matters for cell assays and IR spectroscopy, how salt exchange works, and how to read the salt form.
October 20, 2026 · 11 min read
Glass vial with a white freeze-dried cake on a frosted shelf inside a freeze-dryer chamber
Peptide Science · Handling
What 'Lyophilized' Means and Why Peptides Ship as a Powder
Freeze-drying explained: freezing, sublimation, secondary drying, the cake, residual moisture, and why the dry solid is the stable form in which research peptides ship.
October 20, 2026 · 9 min read
Clear and hazy peptide solutions in glass vials beside a sealed vial of lyophilized powder
Handling · Lab Chemistry
Why Some Peptides Dissolve Badly: Hydrophobicity, Aggregation, and Net Charge
Slow dissolution, true insolubility and aggregation are different failures. How sequence, net charge and GLP-1-class self-association decide which one you see.
October 20, 2026 · 11 min read
Analytical microbalance with a weighing boat of white powder beside a volumetric flask on a dark bench
Lab Chemistry · Peptides 101
Milligrams, Micrograms, and Molarity: Reading the Units on a Peptide Label
Mass versus amount of substance: what 10 mg of a peptide is in micromoles, where molecular weight comes from, and why molar comparisons between compounds matter.
October 20, 2026 · 10 min read
Lyophilized peptide vial beside volumetric glassware and a pH meter on a laboratory bench
Handling · Lab Chemistry
Reconstitution as Chemistry: Concentration, Solubility, and pH
Reconstitution as pure chemistry: mass-over-volume and molar concentration, solubility rules from sequence, pH and net charge, foaming, and adsorption loss.
October 20, 2026 · 11 min read
Sealed amber peptide vials on a frosted freezer rack beside a desiccator and temperature logger
Handling · Storage
Peptide Storage and Stability: Temperature, Light, Moisture, and Time
How temperature, moisture, light and time degrade lyophilized peptides, the storage conditions the literature supports, and how to log a vial's history.
October 20, 2026 · 11 min read
Reconstituted peptide solution vial beside a preserved-water vial, notebook and pH meter on a laboratory bench
Handling · Storage
How Long Does a Reconstituted Peptide Last? Where the 28-Day Number Comes From
The 28-day figure is a USP <797> container convention tied to preservative testing, not peptide chemistry. Here is the chemical clock that runs alongside it.
October 20, 2026 · 11 min read
Three 30 mL diluent vials lined up on a laboratory bench beside a beaker and pH strip
Handling · Lab Supplies
Bacteriostatic Water vs Sterile Water vs Reconstitution Solution: What Each Is For
Sterile water, bacteriostatic water and reconstitution solution compared by composition, benzyl alcohol chemistry, pH, container design and peptide compatibility.
October 20, 2026 · 11 min read
Research Library: Peptide Guides & Research Notes | US Prime Peptides