Research library

Guides and research notes.

Written for practice managers, clinicians buying for research programs, and lab staff. Chemistry, analytics, paperwork and the published literature. Nothing here is a usage guide.

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VIP · Neuropeptides

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide): What the Research Literature Covers

VIP explained for the lab: the 28-residue sequence, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor pharmacology, the aviptadil development history and its status, and why the peptide is hard to keep stable.

October 21, 2026 · 10 min read

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SNAP-8 · Cosmetic Science

SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3): The Cosmetic-Science Peptide in the Research Literature

SNAP-8 (acetyl octapeptide-3) explained: its sequence, the SNARE-mimic hypothesis from SNAP-25 biology, what is in vitro only, and how cosmetic-grade differs from research-grade material.

October 21, 2026 · 10 min read

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TH9507 · Growth Hormone Secretagogue

TH9507: The Stabilized GHRH Analog in the Research Literature

TH9507 is GHRH(1-44) with a trans-3-hexenoyl cap that blocks DPP-IV. The plasma-stability, receptor, animal and volunteer papers, the Egrifta approval, and what a research vial is not.

October 21, 2026 · 10 min read

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Sermorelin · Growth Hormone Secretagogue

Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29): What the Research Literature Covers

Sermorelin is GHRH(1-29)-NH2. The rat pituitary structure-activity papers, the cloned receptor and its cryo-EM structure, DPP-IV cleavage, and the Geref approval and 2008 discontinuation.

October 21, 2026 · 10 min read

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Melanotan · Melanocortin

Melanotan I and Melanotan II: Alpha-MSH Analogs in the Research Literature

Melanotan I (afamelanotide) and Melanotan II are structurally different alpha-MSH analogs. Receptor binding data, the Arizona origin papers, the Scenesse approval, and the warnings on MT-II.

October 21, 2026 · 11 min read

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LL-37 · Antimicrobial Peptides

LL-37: The Human Cathelicidin Peptide in the Research Literature

LL-37 is the 37-residue C-terminal peptide of the only human cathelicidin. Its 1995 discovery, membrane biophysics, immunology cell studies, microbiology-lab role, and certificate points.

October 21, 2026 · 11 min read

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Ipamorelin · Growth Hormone Secretagogue

Ipamorelin: The Selective Ghrelin Receptor Agonist in the Research Literature

Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide agonist of the ghrelin receptor. The 1998 Novo Nordisk characterization, receptor cloning and structure, volunteer PK data, and the ended Helsinn program.

October 21, 2026 · 10 min read

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IGF-1 · Research Evidence

IGF-1 LR3: The Long-R3 Analog in the Research Literature

IGF-1 LR3 is an 83-residue recombinant IGF-1 analog built in 1992 to escape binding proteins. The design papers, NMR structure, cell-culture role, and what its certificate should show.

October 21, 2026 · 11 min read

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Glutathione · Lab Chemistry

Glutathione: Tripeptide Chemistry, Oxidation, and the Research Literature

Glutathione is a gamma-linked tripeptide whose thiol oxidizes in solution. The GSH/GSSG redox pair, why solutions degrade, assay methods, reagent uses, and its US regulatory history.

October 21, 2026 · 10 min read

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GHRP · Growth Hormone Secretagogue

GHRP-2 and GHRP-6: The First-Generation Growth Hormone Releasing Peptides

GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 are designed hexapeptides from Bowers' 1980s program. How they led to the GHS-R1a receptor and ghrelin, what cell and animal studies measured, and their status.

October 21, 2026 · 11 min read

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CJC-1295 · Growth Hormone Secretagogue

CJC-1295 With and Without DAC: Chemistry and the Research Literature

CJC-1295 names two molecules: a four-substitution GHRH(1-29) analog and the same peptide with an albumin-binding maleimide. The chemistry, the rat and volunteer papers, and the ended program.

October 20, 2026 · 11 min read

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ARA-290 · Research Evidence

ARA-290 (Cibinetide): The Erythropoietin-Derived Peptide in the Research Literature

ARA-290 (cibinetide) is an 11-residue peptide copied from the aqueous face of erythropoietin's helix B. The receptor hypothesis, rodent studies, clinical program, status, and COA notes.

October 20, 2026 · 10 min read

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AOD-9604 · Research Evidence

AOD-9604: The hGH Fragment 176-191 in the Research Literature

AOD-9604 is a disulfide-bridged 16-residue fragment of human growth hormone. The Monash origin, what rodent and tissue studies measured, the ended clinical program, and the GRAS claim explained.

October 20, 2026 · 10 min read

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SS-31 · Mitochondrial

SS-31 (Elamipretide): The Cardiolipin-Targeting Tetrapeptide in the Research Literature

SS-31 (elamipretide) chemistry, the cardiolipin-binding mechanism papers from 2004 to 2020, the trial record, and the September 2025 Forzinity approval, for research buyers.

October 20, 2026 · 10 min read

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PT-141 · Melanocortin

PT-141 (Bremelanotide): Melanocortin Receptor Research and Regulatory History

PT-141 (bremelanotide): the cyclic lactam structure, its one-dalton difference from Melanotan II, melanocortin receptor pharmacology, the 2020-21 MC4R structures, and the Vyleesi distinction.

October 20, 2026 · 10 min read

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Oxytocin · Neuropeptides

Oxytocin: Structure, the Disulfide Bridge, and the Research Literature

Oxytocin's nonapeptide chemistry and Cys1-Cys6 ring, its two-residue difference from vasopressin, the 1992-2025 receptor structures, solution degradation data, and the Pitocin distinction.

October 20, 2026 · 10 min read

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Kisspeptin · Hormone Science

Kisspeptin-10: The Metastin Fragment in the Research Literature

Kisspeptin-10 explained: the KISS1 fragment nomenclature, the 2001 receptor discovery papers, GPR54/KISS1R genetics, structure-activity work, and its unapproved status.

October 20, 2026 · 9 min read

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Gonadorelin · Hormone Science

Gonadorelin: The Synthetic GnRH Decapeptide in the Research Literature

Gonadorelin explained: the native GnRH decapeptide sequence, the tail-less GnRH receptor, how it differs from leuprolide, and its discontinued-human, current-veterinary approval record.

October 20, 2026 · 10 min read

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Dihexa · Research Evidence

Dihexa: Why It Is Classed Differently and What the Literature Actually Says

Dihexa explained: an angiotensin IV-derived small molecule, the HGF/c-Met hypothesis from one laboratory, the thin literature and 2025 retractions, and why most vendors skip it.

October 20, 2026 · 10 min read

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Thymosin Alpha-1 · Immunology

Thymosin Alpha-1: What the Research Literature Covers

Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-residue acetylated thymic peptide, approved abroad as thymalfasin but not in the US. Its chemistry, structure, immunology studies, and certificate notes.

October 20, 2026 · 11 min read

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Semax · Research Evidence

Semax: The ACTH(4-10) Analog in the Research Literature

A model-by-model survey of the Semax literature: binding and BDNF studies, rat ischemia transcriptomics, copper chemistry, the N-acetyl amidate variant, and regulatory status.

October 20, 2026 · 12 min read

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Selank · Research Evidence

Selank: The Tuftsin Analog in the Research Literature

A survey of the Selank literature by model: plasma enkephalinase assays, GABA-A radioligand and slice work, mouse spleen cytokine genes, rodent behavior, and the Russian clinical record.

October 20, 2026 · 12 min read

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Pinealon · Bioregulators

Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg): A Khavinson Tripeptide in the Research Literature

What is published on Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg): ROS and proliferation cell assays, DNA-binding biophysics, rodent models, the bioregulator hypothesis, and evidence quality.

October 20, 2026 · 11 min read

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NAD+ · Research Evidence

NAD+: Why It Is Not a Peptide and What the Research Covers

NAD+ is a dinucleotide coenzyme, not a peptide. Its salvage pathway, the age-decline and precursor literature in mice and humans, and why it is so unstable in solution.

October 20, 2026 · 11 min read

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MOTS-c · Research Evidence

MOTS-c: The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide in the Research Literature

MOTS-c is a 16-residue peptide encoded in mitochondrial 12S rRNA. What the 2015 Cell Metabolism paper, the nuclear-translocation work, rodent models, and human cohorts report.

October 20, 2026 · 11 min read

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KPV · Research Evidence

KPV: The Alpha-MSH Tripeptide Fragment in the Research Literature

KPV is Lys-Pro-Val, the last three residues of alpha-MSH. What human cell, mouse, rat, and rabbit studies report, the unresolved mechanism, and why it is in the KLOW blend.

October 20, 2026 · 11 min read

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Bioregulators · Research Evidence

Khavinson Short Peptides: Vilon, Vesugen, Testagen, and Prostamax Explained

Vilon (KE), Vesugen (KED), Testagen (KEDG), and Prostamax (KEDP): sequences, the bioregulator hypothesis, what single-group studies measured, and the limits of the evidence.

October 20, 2026 · 12 min read

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Humanin · Mitochondrial

Humanin: The First Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide in the Research Literature

Humanin is a 24-residue peptide encoded inside the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. The 2001 discovery, its binding partners, rodent and human-sample data, and its relation to MOTS-c.

October 20, 2026 · 12 min read

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GHK-Cu · Research Evidence

GHK-Cu Copper Peptide: What the Research Literature Covers

GHK-Cu is a tripeptide-copper complex first isolated from human plasma in 1973. What fibroblast, rodent, and gene-expression studies report, and what remains unestablished.

October 20, 2026 · 12 min read

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DSIP · Research Evidence

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide): What the Research Literature Covers

DSIP is a nonapeptide named for a 1977 rabbit EEG finding. Why replication has been inconsistent, what the chemistry and immunoreactivity studies show, and what recent papers report.

October 20, 2026 · 12 min read

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Adamax · Research Evidence

Adamax: What the Name Covers and What Is Actually Published

Adamax is a vendor name for adamantane-conjugated Semax with no published studies of its own. What the Semax and adamantane literatures do show, and how to read a claim.

October 20, 2026 · 12 min read

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5-Amino-1MQ · Research Evidence

5-Amino-1MQ: A Small-Molecule NNMT Inhibitor in the Research Literature

5-Amino-1MQ is a quinolinium small molecule, not a peptide, that inhibits NNMT. What the enzymology, adipocyte culture, and mouse studies report, and the absence of human data.

October 20, 2026 · 11 min read

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TB-500 · Research Evidence

TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4: What the Research Literature Covers

Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-residue actin-binding protein; TB-500 is a 7-residue fragment. What the literature reports for each, and where the human evidence gap sits.

October 20, 2026 · 12 min read

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BPC-157 · Research Evidence

BPC-157: What the Published Research Covers

A model-by-model survey of the BPC-157 literature: cell culture, rodent, animal toxicology, and the small uncontrolled human record, plus regulatory status.

October 20, 2026 · 11 min read

Research Library: Peptide Guides & Research Notes | US Prime Peptides